| ABF |
Aquatic Base Flow |
| AC |
Alternating Current |
| ACA |
Annual Charge Adjustment |
| ACHP |
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation |
| acidizing |
the stimulation of oil or gas production by injecting a solution of hydrochloric or other acid into |
| ACRS |
Accelerated Cost Recovery System |
| ADIT |
Accumulated Deferred Income Taxes |
| ALARP |
As Low As Reasonable Possible |
| Amp |
Ampere |
| anionic |
negatively charged, characterized by a surface active anion |
| API |
American Petroleum Institute |
| ASAP |
As Soon As Possible |
| Author |
Petrotopic |
| batch mix |
fluid for use in a fracturing job that has been fully prepared in the fluid storage tank before the |
| bauxite |
an aluminum oxide used as a proppant in deep high pressure zones |
| bbl |
Barrel of oil |
| bbl/d |
Barrels per Calendar Day |
| Bcf |
Billion Cubic Feet |
| Bcfe |
Billion Cubic Feet of gas Equivalent |
| BHSZ |
Bases of methane Hydrate Stability Zone |
| boe |
Barrels of Oil Equivalent (bbls of oil equivalent) |
| bottomhole pressure |
pressure on the bottom of the well, which can be hydrostatic or a combination of hydrostatic and applied pressures |
| BP |
Best Practice |
| BP (Company) |
British Petroleum Company |
| breaker |
an enzyme, oxidizing agent, or acid added to a fracturing fluid to degrade or “break†the polymer, dramatically reducing fluid viscosity and aiding in fracture closure and cleanup |
| BSW |
Bottom Sediments of Water |
| Btu |
British thermal unit |
| buffer |
a weak acid (acetic, formic, or fumaric) used to reduce the pH of a fluid, or a base (e.g., sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate) used to maintain a high pH range |
| bullheading |
loading a well with acid or fluid, without propping materials, for the purpose of breaking down the formation |
| C |
Centigrade |
| CAA |
Clean Air Act |
| CAODC |
Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors |
| CAPP |
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers |
| cation |
positively charged ion |
| CBM |
Coalbed Methane |
| CCS |
Carbon Capture and Storage |
| CDFT |
Critical Function Device Test |
| centipoise |
the unit of measurement for viscosity, equal to 1/100th of a poise. (Water has a viscosity of 1 cp; olive oil has a viscosity of 100 cp or 1 poise.) |
| CEPA |
Canadian Energy Pipeline Association |
| CERCLA |
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act |
| CERI |
Canadian Energy Research Institute |
| Cf |
Compare |
| CfD |
Dimensionless Fracture Conductivity (Optimum is 1.6) |
| CGU |
Cash Generating Unit |
| Cloud Point |
Wax Appear Temperature (WAT), is the temperature below which wax in fuel tends to form a cloudy appearance |
| CNG |
Compressed Natural Gas |
| CO |
Carbon Monoxide |
| CO2 |
Carbon Dioxide |
| coning |
the encroachment of reservoir water into the oil column and/ or producing well because of excessive pressure drawdown |
| connate water |
non-producible water retained in the pore spaces of a formationâ€â€viewed as having occupied the rock interstices from the time the formation was created, often expressed as a percentage of the total pore space available |
| cp |
centipoise - the unit of measurement for viscosity, equal to 1/100th of a poise. (Water has a viscosity of 1 cp; olive oil has a viscosity of 100 cp or 1 poise.) |
| CPI |
Consumer Price Index |
| cps |
Cycles Per Second |
| CRA |
Corrosion Resistant Alloys |
| crosslinker |
a chemical added to fracturing fluid that effectively “links†parallel chains in the polymer, resulting in a complex molecule and increased fluid viscosity |
| CSSP |
Common Seawater Supply Project |
| cuf/s |
Cubic Feet per Second |
| cuft |
Cubic Feet |
| CWA |
Clean Water Act |
| D&C |
Drilling and Completion |
| Darcy |
a unit of measurement for permeability |
| dBA |
Decibles on the A-weighted scale |
| DC |
Direct Current |
| density |
the weight of a unit volume of a substance in pounds per gallon or pounds per cubic centimeter; for example, since 1 cubic centimeter of water weighs 1 gram, its density is 1 gram per cubic centimeter. (See also specific gravity.) |
| differential pressure |
the pressure difference between two sources that meet at an interface |
| dilatent fluid |
a fluid that exhibits no yield stress but for which the slope of the rheological curve increases with increasing shear rate. (Compare to pseudoplastic fluid and Newtonian fluid.) |
| DO |
Dissolved Oxygen |
| DOE |
Department Of Energy |
| DOT |
Department Of Transportation |
| DPSC |
Development and Production Service Contract |
| drainage radius |
one-half the distance between properly spaced wells, or otherwise the no-flow boundary at the edge of a reservoir |
| drawdown |
the difference between static and flowing bottomhole pressures |
| DSA |
Dry Sieve Analysis |
| DST |
Drill Stem Test |
| EA |
Environmental Assessment |
| ECP |
External Casing Packer |
| EHV |
Extra High Voltage |
| EIC |
Engineer In Charge |
| EIS |
Environmental Impact Statement |
| ellipsoid flow |
the laminar fluid flow regime that occurs in an elliptical cross section when the ratio of fracture length to fracture height is extremely large, corresponding to the PKN geometry |
| EMF |
Electro Magnetic Fields |
| emulsion |
the suspension of a very finely divided oily or resinous liquid in another liquid, or vice versa, as compared to a solution that is a uniform mixture of two or more substances. (Of particular concern in hydraulic fracturing is emulsions created betwe |
| encapsulated breaker |
a breaker wrapped or “encapsulated†in a soluble coating that dissolves slowly downhole (i.e., to intentionally delay the degrading action of the breaker) |
| enzyme breaker |
an efficient chemical breaker that can be employed when bottomhole fracture treating temperatures are between 60°F to 200°F (pH less than 10) |
| EOT |
End of Tubing |
| EPA |
Environmental Protection Act |
| ERTTSS |
Erosional Resistant Through Tubing Sand Screen |
| ESP |
Electrical Submercible Pump |
| FA |
Field Analyst |
| FC |
For Consideration |
| FDP |
Field Development Plan |
| FERC |
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |
| FGS |
Flow Gradient Survey; Fire Gas System |
| flow capacity |
the product of formation permeability (in millidarcies) and formation thickness (in feet) |
| fluid density |
the weight of a fluid expressed in pounds per square inch or pounds per gallon |
| fluid flow |
the motion of a fluid, described more particularly by the type of fluid (e.g., Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant), fluid properties (e.g., viscosity and density), the geometry of the system or flow channel, and the flow velocity |
| fluid friction |
the friction, expressed as a pressure loss on top of the useful work to be done, which results from fluid flow through surface equipment and downhole tubulars. (Fluid friction must be considered when determining pressure needs and power requirements |
| fluid loss |
the amount of fluid that escapes or “leaks off†from the created fracture into the formation during a fracture treatment. (Knowledge of fluid loss is necessary to determine fracture dimensions; to some extent, fluid loss can be controlled |
| fluid loss additive |
a chemical used to reduce fluid loss during a fracture treatment, thereby increasing fluid efficiency (maximizing the fracture dimensions created with a given fluid volume) and reducing the potential for damage to the formation |
| FO |
Field Offtake |
| FOIP |
Freedom Of Information and Protection of Privacy Act |
| FOM |
Field Operations Manager |
| FONSI |
Findings Of No Significant Impact |
| force |
pressure times area |
| formation volume factor |
the reservoir volume occupied by a unit volume of oil at standard surface conditions, including dissolved gas |
| FR |
Full Requirements |
| fracture |
a parting or crack in a formation (noun); or to part or create a crack in a formation (verb) |
| fracturing |
the use of a special fluid under hydraulic pressure to cause a parting or “fracture†in a formation |
| friction pressure |
the pressure or force (generally undesirable) caused by the motion of a fluid against a surface, such as oilfield tubulars or surface equipment |
| FSV |
Field Supplied Vessel |
| FTC |
Federal Trade Commission |
| FWS |
[U.S.] Fish and Wildlife Service |
| GAPP |
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles |
| Gaslift |
An artitificial lift method to lightening fluid column by gas. |
| GPV |
Global Portfolio Valuation |
| gradient |
the unitized rate of increase or decrease in a parameter of interest, such as temperature or pressure |
| GT&C |
General Terms and Conditions |
| GW |
Gigawatt |
| GWh |
Gigawatt-Hour |
| HCA |
Host Control Area |
| Hello |
Hi, a greeting |
| HEP |
Habitat Evaluation Procedure |
| HHI |
Hirschman Herfindahl Index |
| horizontal fracture |
a fracture that is oriented parallel to the surface of the earth, generally not occurring at depths greater than 1500 ft |
| hp |
Horsepower |
| HQI |
Habitat Quality Index |
| HVI |
High Viscosity Index |
| hydraulic fracturing |
a method of stimulating production (or injection) in which fractures are induced by applying very high fluid pressure to the face of the formation |
| hydraulic horsepower |
a rate of work measure commonly used to define the output capability of positive displacement plunger-type pumps employed in hydraulic fracturing |
| hydrocarbons |
organic compounds comprised of hydrogen and carbon, commonly existing in three forms or phases: coal (solid), oil (liquid), and natural gas (vapor) |
| hydrostatic head |
see hydrostatic pressure |
| hydrostatic pressure |
the pressure exerted at the base of a column of liquid, such as standing in a well, which is dependent on the fluid density, or “weight.†(Fresh water exerts a hydrostatic head of 0.433 psi per foot of height. The hydrostatic head of any |
| hz |
Hertz (cycles per second) |
| IAP |
Integrated Activity Planning |
| ICAP |
Installed Capacity |
| ID |
Inside Diameter |
| IEA |
International Energy Agency |
| IER |
Incremental Energy Rate |
| IFRS |
International Financial Reporting Standard |
| IHR |
Incremental Heat Rate |
| IJC |
International Joint Commission |
| inflow performance |
the explicit relationship that exists between the flow rate from a formation and the flowing pressure at the bottom of the well, typically presented in Cartesian coordinates |
| in-situ stress |
the state of stress within a formation, which determines fracture orientation and treating pressures. (See also stresses at depth.) |
| instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) |
the wellhead pressure at the very moment the frac pumps are shut down (while less common, may also be used in reference to bottomhole pressure readings). |
| interfacial tension |
the force acting at an interface between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. (See also surface tension.) |
| ionic |
having an electric charge, either positive or negative |
| IPE |
International Petroleum Exchange |
| IPO |
Injection Pressure Operated |
| IPO Valve |
Injection Pressure Operated (PPO: Production Pressure Operated) |
| ISO |
International Standards Organization |
| JAS |
Joint Association Survey |
| JHA |
Job Hazard Analysis |
| kg |
Kilograms |
| kHz |
Thousand Hertz (cycles per second) |
| km |
Kilometre |
| kV |
Kilovolt |
| KVA |
Kilovolt-Ampere |
| KW |
Kilowatt |
| KWh |
Kilowatt-Hour |
| laminar flow: |
the motion of a fluid in layers or laminae that are at all times parallel to the direction of flow. (See also turbulent flow.) |
| lb |
pound |
| leakoff |
see fluid loss |
| limited entry perforating strategy |
the use of a very limited number of carefully sized perforations to create a self-limiting critical flow condition (flow rate reaches a maximum, independent of pressure differential) in order to distribute a fracture treatment over multiple zones in |
| link |
https://petrotopic.com |
| LNG |
Liquefied Natural Gas |
| LODF |
Line Outage Distribution Factor |
| LOLE |
Loss Of Load Expectation |
| LOT |
Lease of Train |
| LPG |
Liquified Petroleum Gas |
| LPSA |
Laser Particle Size Analysis |
| LsFo |
Loss-Sulfur Fuel Oil |
| LVI |
Low Viscosity Index |
| M |
Metre |
| matrix acidizing |
a method of treating the near wellbore formation with acid to improve permeability without fracturing |
| maximum horizontal stress |
the larger of the two horizontal principal stresses, orthogonal to and larger than the minimum horizontal stress because it includes additional horizontal stress components related to tectonic phenomena. (See also stresses at depth.) |
| Mbbl |
Thousand Barrels |
| Mbbl/d |
Thousand Barrels per Day |
| mboe |
Thousand Barrels of Oil Equivalent |
| Mboe/d |
Thousand Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day |
| Mcf |
Thousand Cubic Feet (of gas) |
| MEM |
Mechanical Earth Model |
| MEZ |
Marine Exclusion Zone |
| microsip |
A microsip is equal to 1×10−6 psi−1 |
| minimum horizontal stress |
the smaller of the two horizontal principal stresses, resulting from vertical-to-lateral translation of the overburden stress through the Poisson ratio relationship. (See also stresses at depth.) |
| MMbbl |
Million barrels |
| MMboe |
Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent |
| MMBtu |
Million British Thermal Units |
| MMcf |
Million Cubic Feet |
| MMcf/d |
Million Cubic Feet per Day |
| MMscf |
Million Standard Cubic Feet |
| MMscf/d |
Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day |
| Mscf |
Thousand Standard Cubic Feet (of gas) |
| MVA |
Megavolt-Amperes |
| MW |
Megawatts |
| NAFTA |
North American Free Trade Agreement |
| NASDAQS |
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System |
| NEB |
National Energy Board |
| NEMA |
National Electrical Manufacturers Association |
| NEPA |
National Environmental Policy Act |
| net pressure |
the pressure in the fracture at any point during a fracture treatment (and at any point along the created fracture length) minus the far-field minimum principal stress in the formation (pressure at which the fracture will close) |
| Newtonian fluid |
a fluid that exhibits no yield stress (flow is initiated immediately under an infinitesimal shear stress) and straight-line rheological behavior (shear stress varies linearly with shear rate) |
| NFA |
No Further Action |
| NFE |
Near Field Exploration |
| NGL |
Natural Gas Liquids |
| NITC |
Normal Incremental Transfer Capability |
| NOI |
Notice Of Intent or Notice Of Inquiry |
| nonionic |
electrically neutral |
| Nprop |
Proppant Number (tight gas: 0.1-0.5; medium: 0.1; high perm: 0.0005-0.001) |
| NPV |
Net Present Value |
| NYME |
New York Mercantile Exchange |
| NZE |
Net Zero Emission |
| OD |
Outside Diameter |
| OE |
Operations Engineer |
| OGP |
Oil Gas Property |
| OIM |
Offshore Installation Manager |
| OPEC |
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| OSHA |
Occupational Safety and Health Administration [U.S. Department of Labor] |
| overburden |
the strata of rock that lie above the formation being produced or targeted for hydraulic fracturing |
| overburden stress |
the absolute vertical stress exerted on a formation at depth by the weight of overlying formations |
| overflush |
fluid pumped after (or “behindâ€Â) the fracturing fluid, over and above the volume necessary to displace the surface piping and downhole tubulars |
| oxidizers |
a high-temperature breaker (can be used at temperatures up to 325°F), often used where persulfates are too fast-acting (pH range of 3 to 14) |
| P4R |
Planning For Real |
| PA |
Provisional Acceptance |
| pay layer |
oil- or gas-producing |
| PCP |
Progressive Cavity Pump |
| PCTV |
Pressure Controlled Tester Valve |
| PD |
Planned Deferment |
| PDC |
Professional Development Committee |
| PE |
Petroleum Engineer |
| permeability |
a measure of the ease with which fluids can flow through a porous rock, symbol k |
| persulfates |
a family of breakers, including encapsulated and activated varieties, that are generally economical and find application over a wide range of temperatures (70°F to 200°F), concentrations, and pH values |
| petroleum |
a term referring collectively to the liquid (oil) and vapor (natural gas) forms of hydrocarbonsâ€â€the particular phase being determined by the sizes of the compounds, in conjunction with pressure and temperature. (See also hydrocarbons.) |
| pH |
a scale used to express the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance, with values from 0 to 14 (the number 7 representing neutrality, numbers below 7 indicating increased acidity, and numbers above 7 increased alkalinity) |
| plastic fluid |
a complex, non-Newtonian fluid that requires a positive shear stress (yield stress) to initiate flow but exhibits straight-line rheological behavior. (Compare to Newtonian fluid.) |
| polymer |
the basic ingredient in fracturing fluids, a petroleum-based substance in which large molecules are constructed from smaller molecules in repeating structural units |
| porosity |
a measure of the void space within a rock, expressed as a fraction or percentage of the bulk volume of that rock, symbol f |
| Pour Point |
is the lowest temperature at which the fuel continues to flow or the lowest temperature below which the fuel loses its flow characteristics. Pour point of a fuel is an indication of the temperature at which we can easily pump the fuel. |
| ppm |
Parts Per Million |
| PPO |
Production Pressure Operated ( IPO: Injection Pressure Operated) |
| pressure |
the application of force on or to something by something else (e.g., the force of a 20,000 ft column of water on the bottom of a hole |
| proppant |
a material (e.g., naturally occurring sand or manmade ceramics) used to hold open (or “propâ€Â) a fracture so that more fluid can be produced from or injected into a well |
| PS |
Production Surveillance |
| PSAC |
Petroleum Services Association of Canada |
| pseudoplastic fluid |
a fluid that exhibits no yield stress but for which the slope of the rheological curve decreases with increasing shear rate. (Compare to plastic fluid and Newtonian fluid.) |
| psi |
Pounds per Square Inch |
| PTech |
Production Technologist |
| PVT |
Pressure Volume Temperature |
| QF |
Qualifying Facility |
| QUAD |
Quadrillion Btus |
| R&D |
Research and Development |
| RACI |
Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed |
| radial flow |
the simplest and logical converging flow pattern that results from fluids flowing into a vertical well from the surrounding drainage area |
| RBNS |
Rule Based Network Solver |
| RCCD |
Reverse Circulation Centre Discharge |
| RE |
Reservoir Engineer |
| reservoir |
a porous, permeable rock formation that contains oil and/or natural gas (and always accompanied by water, whether producible or immovable) enclosed or surrounded by layers of less permeable rock |
| reservoir pressure |
the fluid pressure in a petroleum-bearing formation, expressed either as initial reservoir pressure, symbol pi , average reservoir pressure, symbol p , or outer boundary constant pressure, symbol pe . (Shut-in bottomhole pressures measured at the for |
| RFD |
Rock Flow Dynamic |
| RFP |
Request For Proposal |
| RLI |
Resource Life Index |
| RM |
Resource Management |
| RMP |
Reservoir Management Plan |
| ROA |
Return of Assets |
| ROE |
Return of Equity |
| ROFR |
Right Of First Refusal |
| ROI |
Return On Investment |
| ROW |
Right-Of-Way |
| rpm |
Revolutions Per Minute |
| RTP |
Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe |
| SCADA |
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition |
| SCC |
Stress Corrosion Cracking |
| Scf |
Standard Cubic Foot of natural gas |
| SCO |
Standard Cost Obligation |
| SCSSV |
Surface Control Subsurface Safety Valve |
| SEC |
[U.S.] Securities and Exchange Commission |
| seismic imaging |
detailed information obtained from the acoustic responseâ€â€reflection and refractionâ€â€of various earth strata to artificial vibrations created at the earth’s surface or in wells |
| settling rate |
vertical distance (in feet) that a particle will travel in one minute through a static fluid |
| SFEIS |
Supplemental Final Environmental Impact Statement |
| SFV |
Straight Fixed Variable |
| SIC |
Standard Industrial Classification |
| skin |
Skin factor defined as additional steady-state pressure drop in the near-wellbore region (skin in Darcy equation - only when P > Pb) |
| skin effect |
a dimensionless term incorporated in production rate calculations to account for deviations in well performance caused by formation damage in the near-well area, symbol s |
| SLI |
Separated Line Item |
| slot flow |
the laminar fluid flow regime that occurs in a channel of rectangular cross section when the ratio of fracture height to fracture length is extremely large, corresponding to the KGD geometry |
| SNG |
Synthetic Natural Gas |
| SPE |
Soceity Of Petroleum Engineering |
| specific gravity |
a ratio of the weight of a given volume of a solid or liquid to the weight of the same volume of pure water at the same temperature, used as a means of comparison. (Water, as the most plentiful matter on earth, was selected as the basis for weight co |
| SPM |
Side Pocket Mandrel |
| SRB |
Sulfate Reducing Bateria |
| SRP |
Sucker Rod Pump |
| SSC |
Sulfide Stress Cracking |
| SSD |
Sliding Side Door |
| SSV |
Surface Safety Valve |
| ST |
Side Track |
| stimulation |
increasing the fluid flow capacity from (or into) sandstone or carbonate formations by acidizing, fracture acidizing, or hydraulic fracturing |
| stresses at depth |
a system of three principal stresses, one vertical and two horizontal, to which a formation at depth is subjected. (These are also the far-field stresses.) |
| surface tension |
the force acting within the interface between a liquid and its own vapor, which tends to maintain the surface area at a minimum. (See also interfacial tension.) |
| surfactant |
a material that alters physical characteristics or properties, such as interfacial tension or wettability between fluids and solids. Surface-active agents may be classified as emulsifiers, de-emulsifiers, wetting agents, foamers, and dispersing agent |
| SVAC |
Subsurface Value Assurance Committee |
| Tcf |
Trillion Cubic Feet |
| TCR |
Transition Cost Recovery (mechanism) |
| TDR |
Turn Down Rate - The minimum rate required for sustain flow in system. |
| TDU |
Transmission Dependent Utility |
| tensile force |
force placed on a rock in the opposite direction of compressive force, which creates a fracture or crack |
| TOR |
Terms of Reference |
| TOU |
Time-Of-Use |
| TP |
Technical Potential, Technical Professional |
| TTC |
Total Transfer Capability |
| turbulent flow |
fluid flow in which secondary irregularities and eddies are imposed on the main or average flow pattern. (See also laminar flow.) |
| UPD |
Unplanned Deferment |
| USC |
United States Code |
| USDA |
U.S. Department of Agriculture |
| USGS |
U.S. Geological Survey |
| VA |
Volt-Ampere |
| VAR |
Volt-Ampere Reactive Unit |
| vertical fracture |
the most common type of hydraulic fracture, often envisioned as two symmetric wings emanating from a vertical wellbore in a single plane |
| vertical stress |
see overburden stress |
| viscosity |
a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow, symbol μ. (The viscosity of petroleum is typically expressed in terms of the time required for a specific volume of liquid to flow through a calibrated opening.) |
| WACOG |
Weighted Average Cost Of Gas |
| WBT |
Water Break Through |
| WC |
Water Cut |
| WE |
Well Engineering |
| well completion |
the activities and methods necessary to prepare a well for the production of petroleum, establishing a flow conduit between the reservoir and the surface |
| Winglue |
A software for Gaslift Optimization |
| WPB |
Work Plan Budget |
| WPI |
Wholesale Price Index |
| WQC |
Water Quality Certificate |
| WSO |
Water Shut Off |
| WTAP |
Well Technical Assurance Process |
| WTI |
West Texas Intermediate |
| WTP |
Willingness to Pay |
| WY |
Water Year |
| XO |
Cross Over |
| Green Company |
PETRONAS |
| GSA |
Gas Sale Agreement |
| FSI |
Flow Scan Imager |
| PVL |
Phase Velocity Log - measures the velocity of the oil or water phase within a deviated well with segregated flow |
| WFL |
The WFL water flow log made with the RSTPro tool is conducted to locate and evaluate axial water migration behind pipe, measure the velocity of water flow in a well, and determine internal or behind-pipe crossflow between zones. The RSTPro tool is configured to measure both upward and downward flow, inside casing and behind pipe. |
| Isolation Scanner (IS) |
Isolation Scanner™ service combines classic ultrasonic pulse-echo technology with flexural wave imaging to accurately evaluate almost any type of cement—from traditional slurries and heavy cements to the latest lightweight cements. This innovative service provides precise, real-time evaluation of the cement job and casing condition in a wider range of conditions than were previously possible with conventional technologies. |
| Sand production |
Sand production occurs when the stress on the formation exceeds the formation strength and result in rock failure |
| MMV |
Measuring, Monitoring and Verification (Carbon Storage) |
| Fracpack |
A relatively short, highly conductive fracture created in a reservoir of moderate to high permeability will breach near-wellbore damage, reduce the drawdown and near-wellbore flow velocity and stresses, and increase effective wellbore radius. Fracturing treatments of this type have two stages: fracture created, terminated by tip-screenout, and fracture inflation and packing. Such a two-stage treatment is the basis of a number of well-completion methods, collectively known as frac-and-pack. This technique has been successfully applied, with a range of fracture sizes, to stimulate wells in various reservoirs worldwide. |
| IWIS |
Intelligent Well Interface Standard |
| ASW |
Advanced Surveillance Workflow |
| app |
Petrotopic app is available at Google Play |
| Mesh |
U.S. Mesh Size (or U.S. Sieve Size) is defined as the number of openings in one square inch of a screen |
| Velocity String |
The Velocity string (VS) completion consists of a smaller size tubular retrofitted inside the original tubing. Due to the reduced ID of the production string, the velocity of the gas increases above the critical velocity required to remove liquids from the wellbore and the well becomes a stable producer again. The disadvantage of the VS installation is the introduction of additional backpressure arising mainly from increasing friction losses along the reduced tubing ID. The increased backpressure reduces the capacity of the gas wells with VS. Velocity String completions were introduced to the Saih Rawl field in 2006 (Goedemoed et al. 2010). The most common completion type so far is a 2-3/8" or 2-7/8" tubing string hung with the packer just below the TR-SCSSV. The bottom of the Velocity String is set around 15 m above the top of the uppermost perforation. The detailed completion design of the string and the deployment methods have evolved since the first installation. The large number of velocity strings called for the optimization of the completion design and the deployment process. To date the Velocity String completions are deployed with snubbing units. The LEAN methodology applied to the workover process resulted in significant saving in both Capex and Opex (Romero et al. 2015). The Velocity String design was modified in order to reduce the capacity losses arising from the reduction of tubing ID. The design includes Sliding Side Doors that allow producing wells in 3 modes – via the VS (TBG), via the annulus between VS and the original tubing (ANN) or via both paths simultaneously (BOTH). With each mode having different capacity Qgas (QgasTBG < QgasANN < QgasBOTH) and liquid loading rate Qmin (QminTBG < QminANN < QminBOTH), wells with high enough initial capacity (QgasBOTH > QminBOTH) can effectively be operated with three consecutive tubing sizes by simple slickline intervention (Hinai et al. 2017). The next evolution of the VS design includes the additional VS hanger Xmas tree spool. In this case, VS will be run from the surface creating access to the annulus, which will allow additional deliquification and flow assurance by injecting foamer, fresh water, nitrogen or lift gas. |
| Snubbing unit |
Snubbing units use hydraulic pressure and rams to introduce small, coupled tubing into the well, if necessary, against pressures above 5000 psi. The tubing is stronger and can be rotated so that tougher cleanout or fishing jobs can be accomplished. |
| Work Over (WO) |
The term workover is used to refer to any kind of oil well intervention involving invasive techniques, such as wireline, coiled tubing or snubbing. More specifically, a workover refers to the expensive process of pulling and replacing completion or production hardware in order to extend the life of the well. |
| Mud Acid |
A mixture of hydrofluoric acid [HF] and hydrochloric acid [HCl] or organic acid used as the main fluid in a sandstone matrix treatment. Hydrochloric acid or organic acid is mixed with HF to keep the pH low when it spends, thereby preventing detrimental precipitates. The name mud acid was given to these mixtures because they were originally developed to treat damage from siliceous drilling muds. Mud acid is also called hydrofluoric-hydrochloric acid. |
| Water Block |
Water block or invasion of water into the pores of reservoir forms during the operations of water-based drilling, injection, many perforations, completion fluids, and some other particular processes in the reservoir (such as fingering and conning). Subsequently, the alteration in the shape or composition of the fine particles such as clay (water-wet solids), as a result of the stress on it, in the flow path of the second phase can lead to the permeability decline of reservoir. Consequently, the solvents such as surfactants (as demulsifiers) to lower the surface tension as a phenomenon associated with intermolecular forces (known as capillary action) during flowback are consumed to avoid the emulsions and sludge mostly in the near-wellbore zone or undertreatment and under-injection radius of the reservoir. However, in addition to surging or swabbing the wells to lower the surface tension, using solvents as the wettability changing agent along with base fluid is a common method in the water block elimination from the wellbore, especially in the low permeability porous media or the reservoirs latter its average pressure declined below bubble point. For more profitability, after using solvents in various reservoir characterizations, the trend of their behavior variations in the different lithologies is required to decide on the removed damage percentage. The investigations on this subject involve many experimental studies and have not been presented any mathematical formulas for the damage of water block in the water, oil, and gas reservoirs. These formulas determine selection criteria for the applied materials and increase variable performance. An integrated set of procedures and guidelines for one or more phases in a porous media is necessary to carry out the step-by-step approach at wellhead. Erroneous decisions and difficult situations can also be addressed in the injection wells or saltwater disposal wells, in which water block is a formation damage type. Misconceptions and difficult situations resulting from these injuries can increase water saturation in borehole and affect the fluid transmissibility power in reaching far and near distances of the wellbore, which results in injection rate loss at the wellhead. Accordingly, for the equations of water block here, a set of variables, of a particular domain, for defining relationships between rock- and fluid-based parameters are required. For these equations, at first, the structural classifications of fracture and grain in the layers (d1, d2, and d3) are defined. Afterward, the equations of overburden pressure (Pob) for a definite sectional area surrounding the wellbore for any lithology (in the three categories relative to porosity) are obtained by these structural classifications and other characteristics of rock and fluid. |
| Fcd (CFD) |
Dimensionless fracture conductivity (Fcd) is defined as fracture conductivity, kfw (md-ft), divided by reservoir permeability (k) multiplied by the fracture half-length, xf (ft) (Equation 1). It provides a means of optimizing the amount of conductivity in a fracture for varying permeability and fracture length. |
| GS and GR Tool |
Internal fishing necks Otis® GS and GR pulling tools are used during wireline operations to unlock and pull a variety of subsurface controls with internal fishing necks, including Otis G pack-off assembly, Otis D bridge plugs, Otis X® and R® lock mandrels, Otis D mandrels, and Otis D collar stops. The Otis GS pulling tool is designed to shear with a jarring down action, and is used when excessive jarring upward is necessary to retrieve subsurface flow controls. In the running position, the dogs are designed to seat and lock in the internal recess of the mandrel being retrieved. The Otis GR pulling tool is designed to shear with a jarring up action and is used during routine wireline operations on controls when shear-down is not possible. The Otis GR pulling tool is assembled by incorporating an Otis GS pulling tool with an Otis GU shear-up adapter. External Fishing Necks The Otis S and R pulling tools are designed to engage external fishing necks on subsurface devices within the wellbore. These pulling tools consist of a cylinder complete with top sub, inner core, and spring-loaded dog set. After the Otis S pulling tool is engaged on an external fishing neck, downward jarring action shears a pin to release the spring-loaded dogs and enable tool retrieval.. Once the Otis R pulling tool is engaged on an external fishing neck, an upward jarring action shears a pin to release the spring-loaded dogs and enables tool retrieval. When used as a running tool, the core must be long enough to allow upward travel after shearing the pin before the skirt is stopped by the equipment being run. This action permits complete release of the running tool. |
| SICS |
Digital risk ranking and prioritisation |
| PAM |
Physical Asset Management |
| PROTEAN |
Predictive Rotating Equipment Analytic -real time alerts |
| Production Technologists or Production Technology |
Production Technologists (or Production Engineers as they are also known in some areas) play an essential and unique role by interfacing with and co-ordinating between Reservoir, Well, Surface Engineering and Production Operations. They are involved throughout the complete lifecycle of wells and fields. Production Technologists unique areas of expertise cover modelling and optimising well inflow and outflow performance, conceptual well and completion design, design of well/reservoir interface (including sand management), Well, Reservoir and Facility Management (including production system modelling and optimisation) and Well Integrity Management (including specification of the operating envelope for the well). The domain of the Production Technologist is from the sandface to the surface choke. Production Technologists are the production impact specialist - they should understand how to optimise production from their existing wells and the impact of completion/well intervention decisions on production performance over the life of the well. Production Technologists are at the centre of oil and gas production business. Across the globe, our engineers can be found working in day-to-day oil and gas production operations in assets of one of our Operating Units. They are also in teams that prepare development plans to ensure optimal production from our future oil and gas fields, including the commissioning and start-up of our new oil and gas developments. |
| ARP |
Annual Review of Progression |
| Reservoir Engineer |
What role you will play in our team - individuals to provide Reservoir Engineering technical support and expertise to its oil and gas development projects and production operations. The candidates will be responsible for working with multi-discipline teams to support optimal asset development and operations, leveraging fundamental reservoir engineering skills in reservoir description, development planning, opportunity generation and production optimization. What you will do Individuals will provide reservoir management and simulation support to global asset teams in the following areas: Planning, evaluation and/or execution of field development/ drill well programs Identifying key reservoir uncertainties and providing recommendations to mitigate risks Improving reservoir description through fluid analysis, core evaluation, well testing interpretation, and production performance analysis Conducting production forecasts and reserves assessments to support development/depletion planning and production optimization opportunities Developing and/or leveraging new reservoir engineering technologies to support business solutions About you Skills and Qualifications Candidates should be self-motivated and focused on achieving business results through a multi-discipline team. Demonstrated teamwork and effective communication skills are essential. Technical skill requirements are as follows: Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering - preferably Petroleum, Chemical or Mechanical; with 3-10 years of experience in Reservoir Engineering Competency in reservoir simulation in Eclipse/INTERSECT; able to perform model building, history matching & forecasting with well/field management Experience in analytical performance prediction, depletion planning, reserves assessment, reservoir surveillance & optimization, and volumes forecasting |
| Petrophysicist or Petrophysic |
Roles and responsibilities As part of the Petrophysics discipline, you will be working the industry’s ground breaking technologies and will be responsible for: Designing, supervising and evaluating data acquisition programmes Managing and interpreting petrophysical data Quantifying and characterizing reservoir properties, including uncertainties Ensuring optimal design and suitable technologies are selected for data acquisition Working in multidisciplinary integrated teams to build subsurface static and dynamic models You can expect to impact areas of the business involving: Field development planning of green and brown fields Well, Reservoir and Facility Management (WRFM) operations Well delivery and production optimization Stakeholder management with service providers, vendors, partners and third parties |
| Drilling Engineer |
A drilling engineer will be responsible for the following activities: Drilling planning: The drilling engineer participates in the detailed planning of drilling operations, in collaboration with other professionals such as reservoir engineers, geologists and geophysicists. He evaluates geological and engineering data to determine optimal well locations, appropriate drilling techniques and necessary equipment. Selection of drilling equipment: The drilling engineer is responsible for selecting the appropriate drilling equipment based on the characteristics of the well, the type of geological formation and the operational constraints. It must consider factors such as well depth, reservoir pressure, formation composition and safety regulations. Supervision of drilling operations: During drilling operations, the drilling engineer supervises activities on site, including setting up equipment, controlling drilling parameters, monitoring safety and resolving problems. technical issues. He ensures that operations are carried out in accordance with safety procedures and applicable regulations. Optimization of the drilling process: The drilling engineer works to optimize the drilling process to maximize productivity while reducing costs. He may suggest technical improvements, such as the use of new drilling techniques, the application of specific drilling fluids or the adoption of directional drilling methods to reach several reservoir zones from a single well. Problem and risk management: The drilling engineer is responsible for identifying and resolving problems encountered during drilling operations, such as formation stability problems, mud loss incidents or mechanical complications. . It also works to minimize risks related to worker safety, the environment and equipment. Data Collection and Reporting: The Drilling Engineer collects and analyzes drilling data including operational parameters, drill logs and rock samples. He prepares detailed reports on drilling operations, results achieved and lessons learned to inform future decisions. Interdisciplinary collaboration: The drilling engineer works closely with other professionals in the petroleum industry, such as geological engineers, production engineers and technicians, to integrate technical and geological aspects into planning and execution. drilling operations. |
| EULA |
What is EULA? An end-user license agreement (EULA) is a contract between software owners and users (rather than between software vendors and clients), granting permission to use the software under specified conditions. |
| RCP |
The rate-controlled production (RCP) inflow control devices (ICDs) are valves placed in the lower completion of oil and gas wells, capable of autonomously controlling the reservoir inflow. This completion technology self-regulates the inflow of undesired phases, such as water, by choking the flow after the breakthrough event, thus improving the recovery factor and reducing water production. In this context, this article presents a numerical study that describes the working principle of RCP valves based on a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The numerical models are based on the conservation equations of fluid flow, the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model, and the dynamic fluid body interaction (DFBI) model to simulate the valve movement caused by its interaction with the flow. This study demonstrates the possibility of studying RCP valves alone or coupled with the whole completion assembly and reservoir rock. The difference in the valve efficiency after considering the entire completion assembly and reservoir rock is 19% less compared with the stand-alone analysis of the valve. Finally, this study provides a deep understanding of the fluid dynamics near the wellbore, the completion assembly, and the RCP valves, along with its chocking, which could be helpful to future researchers interested in improving multiphase flow efficiency in subsurface processes. |
| TCP |
Tubing Convey Perforate |
